F-1 and M-1 are two different nonimmigrant student visa categories in the United States, each designed for specific types of academic or vocational study. Here are the key differences between F-1 and M-1 students:

1. Purpose of Study:
   • F-1 Student Visa: This visa is for individuals pursuing academic studies at accredited U.S. colleges, universities, high schools, language schools, or other academic institutions. F-1 students are typically enrolled in degree programs or English language training courses.
   • M-1 Student Visa: The M-1 visa is for students pursuing vocational or non-academic programs. This includes technical and vocational training at institutions such as trade schools and community colleges.
2. Program Duration:
   • F-1 Student Visa: F-1 students can enroll in programs that lead to degrees, including associate’s, bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees. The duration of F-1 status is typically tied to the length of the academic program.
   • M-1 Student Visa: M-1 students enroll in non-degree, vocational, or practical training programs. The duration of M-1 status is typically tied to the length of the vocational program or training.
3. Curricular Practical Training (CPT) and Optional Practical Training (OPT):
   • F-1 Student Visa: F-1 students may be eligible for Curricular Practical Training (CPT) and Optional Practical Training (OPT), which allow them to work in their field of study during or after completing their academic program.
   • M-1 Student Visa: M-1 students have more limited work options compared to F-1 students. They can participate in practical training directly related to their course of study but are generally not eligible for OPT.
4. Transfer and Change of Status:
   • F-1 Student Visa: F-1 students can transfer between schools or change their educational level (e.g., from undergraduate to graduate) without leaving the United States if they follow proper procedures.
   • M-1 Student Visa: M-1 students may transfer between M-1 programs but must follow specific guidelines. Changing to F-1 status or changing to a different visa category typically requires leaving the U.S. and reapplying.
5. Dependents:
   • F-1 Student Visa: F-1 students can have dependents, typically in F-2 status. Dependents are usually spouses and unmarried children under 21 years of age. F-2 dependents can accompany the F-1 student to the U.S. and may not work.
   • M-1 Student Visa: M-1 students can also have dependents, typically in M-2 status. M-2 dependents can accompany the M-1 student but may not engage in full-time academic study.
6. Maintenance of Status:
   • Both F-1 and M-1 students must maintain their status by complying with the rules and regulations set by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) and their respective educational institutions.

It is important for international students to understand the specific requirements and limitations of their visa category and to work closely with their designated school officials (DSOs) or designated school representatives (DSRs) to ensure compliance with immigration regulations. Violating the terms of one’s visa status can lead to serious consequences, including deportation.